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    • Introduction to geology Book
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      Definition; Soil is a dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic materials, living forms as well as air in which plants grow.
      ELEMENTARY GEOLOGY
      Geology is the scientific study of the earth’s crust and formation of rocks and minerals in relation to the sphere factors e.g. climatic factors and volcanic eruptions.
      The sphere is divided into four regions;

      -Atmosphere (gases)A                                                     Atmoshere
                                                                                               
      Hydrosphere(surface and underground water)         Hydroshere

      -Lithosphere (rocks and minerals)Lithospere              Lithospere
      Lithosphere (rocks and minerals)                                 
                                                                                            Barispere
      Barisphere (Fluid magma)B                                           

    • Assignment geology
      Opened: Saturday, 30 March 2024, 12:00 AM
      Due: Saturday, 6 April 2024, 12:00 AM

      Define soil 2mks

      Define geology 4mks

      State four categories of the sphere 

    • Vedio of earth formation URL
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      Show the formation of earth 

  • Soil genesis and classification

    • Introduction to geology Book
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      Geology is the scientific study of the earths crust and formation of rocks and minerals in relation to the sphere factors e.g. climatic factors and volcanic eruptions.
      The sphere is divided into four regions;
      -Barisphere (fluid magma)
      -Lithosphere (rocks and minerals)
      -Hydrosphere (surface and underground water)
      -Atmosphere (gases)
      -Barisphere is the source of fluid magma which is forced into the lithosphere through volcanic force. Cooling of the larva occurs at lithosphere or at hydrosphere when volcanic force is insufficient to push the magma to the earths surface. Cooled magma forms the rocks (igneous rocks).

    • Classification and properties of rocks Book
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      Rocks are classified by three major divisions;
      Igneous rocks
      Sedimentary
      Metamorphic

      1. Igneous rocks
      -When molten magma from under the earth’s crust is exposed on the surface or at different depths in the earth, igneous rocks are formed from it as it cools. The fastest cooled expelled igneous rocks have a glossy texture while those slowly cooled have small crystals in the rock mass.
      -Extrusive igneous rocks form above the earth’s surface while intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks form below the earth’s surface and have large crystals.
      -Porphyries are igneous rocks having mixed large and small crystal particles due to changes in cooling rate.
      -Examples of igneous rocks include granite, diorite and biotite, hornblende, augite, gabro and basalt. Gabro and basalt weather easily.

      2. Sedimentary rocks
      -They result from the deposition and cementation of weathering products of other rocks e.g. sandstone (formed from quartz) shale, (cemented clays), dolomite [CaMg (CO3)2], limestone which is composed mainly of calcite (CaCO3) mineral and the conglomerate.
      -Resistance to weathering by sedimentary rock is determined by the dominant minerals and the cementing agent. The cementing material often makes part of the name for instance ferruginous for iron oxides, Siliceous for silica (SiO2) and Calcareous for carbonates or lime as in calcareous sandstone.
      -Sedimentary conglomerates and breccias are made up of various sized fragments of rocks cemented together.
      -Sandstones are formed mainly from quartz mineral, shades from consolidated clays and silts, limestone forms from calcium carbonate or mixtures of calcium and magnesium carbonate, clays, silts and sand.
      -Dolomites are similar to limestone but have more magnesium carbonate. Quartzites are silica cemented sands.

      3. Metamorphic rocks
      -These are rocks formed by the metamorphism or change in or change in the form of other rocks. Igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to tremendous pressures and high temperatures form metamorphic rocks.
      -Examples; Gneiss formed mainly from granites, rhyolites, aridesites among other minerals. Slate from shale or siltstone, schist from micas, quartzite, and marble from limestone or dolomite and are Primary minerals are mainly found in igneous and metamorphic easily decomposed.

    • Assignment soil classification
      Opened: Sunday, 31 March 2024, 12:00 AM
      Due: Sunday, 7 July 2024, 12:00 AM
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      Make a submission

      Discussion the three  categories of rocks 30mkks

    • Link image on classification of rocks URL
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      Show the classification of rocks and their examples 

  • Soil genesis

    • Introduction to soil genesis Book
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      Soils are formed from hard (solid) rock masses, loose unconsolidated transported materials and organic residues. Organic soils develop mainly from plants that have fallen into stagnant water where decomposition is slow.
      -Minerals are inorganic substances which are homogenous, have a definite composition and have characteristic physical properties such as shape, colour, melting temperature and hardiness. Minerals may be primary or secondary.
      - rocks. They are formed from cooling the molten larva to rock.

  • Weathering of rocks

    • Introduction Book
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      Weathering refers to the physical and chemical changes produced in rocks at or near the earth’s surface leading to disintegration and decomposition of the rock matter.
      -Soil formation comprises of two different processes; first, the disintegration of solid rock and secondly, the changes occurring within the loose material as time passes. This later process is also called soil development but the two processes occur simultaneously.
      -Soil formation is therefore used to mean production of unconsolidated material by weathering process and soil profile development which are the changes involved in development of horizons. Horizons tell much about the characteristics of a soil.

    • Agents of weathering Book
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      There are three main agents of weathering;
      Physical/mechanical
      Chemical
      Biological
      The above agents exhibit themselves in various processes (forces) and therefore we the following processes under each;

    • Agents of weathering Book
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      Mark as done

      There are three main agents of weathering;
      Physical/mechanical
      Chemical
      Biological
      The above agents exhibit themselves in various processes (forces) and therefore we the following processes under each;